1department of veterinary pathology, college of veterinary medicine, University of Mosul
2Department of veterinary pathology and poultry Diseases, college of veterinary medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
3Department of veterinary pathology and poultry Diseases, college of veterinary medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
Receive Date: 01 May 2020,
Revise Date: 29 May 2020,
Accept Date: 31 May 2020
Abstract
Inflammation is a particular portion of tissue response to harmful inflammogens roles of it with interleukins, and systemic effects of TNF. This response including different types of inflammatory cells like (neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes). These cells play an essential role while inflammation occurs in Animals body by releasing competent material which acts as a chemical mediator like vasoactive amines, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, acute-phase proteins. These materials intercede inflammatory process by forbidding over tissue damage result in the recuperation of tissue function. This review article discusses the role and structure of tumor necrosis factor during inflammation of an animal's body.
AGGARWAL, B.B., GUPTA, S.C. AND KIM, J.H. 2012. Historical perspectives on tumor necrosis factor and its superfamily: 25 years later, a golden journey. Blood. American Society of Hematology; 9;119(3):651–65. DOI.org/10.1182/blood-2011-04-325225.
AL-LAMKI R.S., WANG, J., SKEPPER, J.N., THIRU. S., POBER. J.S. AND BRADLEY. J.R. 2001. Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors in Normal Kidney and Rejecting Renal Transplants. Laboratory Investigation. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 81(11):1503–15. DOI.org/10.1038/labinvest.3780364.
ALLEN, J.B., MANTHEY, C.L., HAND, A.R., OHURA, K., ELLINGSWORTH, L. AND WAHL, S.M. 1990. Rapid onset synovial inflammation and hyperplasia induced by transforming growth factor-beta. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. Rockefeller University Press; 1;171(1):231–47.
DOI.org/10.1084/jem.171.1.231.
ÁLVAREZ, A., CACABELOS, R., SANPEDRO, C., GARCÍA-FANTINI, M. AND ALEIXANDRE, M. 2007. Serum TNF-alpha levels are increased and correlate negatively with free IGF-I in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging. Elsevier BV; 28(4):533–6. DOI.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.02.012.
ANDERSON, J.A., LENTSCH, A.B., HADJIMINAS, D.J., MILLER, F.N., MARTIN, A.W. AND NAKAGAWA, K. 1996. The role of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and chemokines in interleukin-2-induced lymphocytic infiltration in C57BL/6 mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation. American Society for Clinical Investigation; 15;97(8):1952–9. DOI.org/10.1172/jci118627.
ASHKENAZI, A., 2002. Targeting death and decoy receptors of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. Nature Reviews Cancer. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 2(6):420–30. DOI.org/10.1038/nrc821.
ASIER GALA´N, IVA MAYER , RENATA BARIĆ RAFAJ , KRESˇO BENDELJA , VELIMIR SUSˇIĆ , JOSE´ JOAQUI´N CERO´N , VLADIMIR MRLJAK.,2018.MCP-1, KC-like and IL-8 as critical mediators of pathogenesis caused by Babesia canis. PLoS One.; 13(1): e0190474.
BLOEMENDAAL, F.M., KOELINK PJ, V.A.N., SCHIE, K.A., RISPENS, T., PETERS, C.P. AND BUSKENS, C.J. 2018. TNF-anti-TNF Immune Complexes Inhibit IL-12/IL-23 Secretion by Inflammatory Macrophages via an Fc-dependent Mechanism. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. Oxford University Press (OUP); 30;.DOI.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy075.
BODMER, J-L., SCHNEIDER, P. And TSCHOPP, J. 2002. The molecular architecture of the TNF superfamily. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. Elsevier BV; 27(1):19–26. DOI.org/10.1016/s0968-0004 (01): 01995-8.
BOKA, G., ANGLADE, P., WALLACH, D., JAVOY-AGID, F., AGID, Y. AND HIRSCH, E.C. 1994. Immunocytochemical analysis of tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience Letters, Vol. 172, No.1-2, pp.151-154.
BOKA, G., ANGLADE, P., WALLACH, D., JAVOY-AGID, F., AGID, Y. AND HIRSCH, E.C. 1994. Immunocytochemical analysis of tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in Parkinson's disease. Journal Article published in Neuroscience Letters volume 172 issue 1-2 on pages 151 to 154.
BOYMAN, O. AND SPRENT, J., 2012. The role of interleukin-2 during homeostasis and activation of the immune system. Nature Reviews Immunology. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 17;12(3):180–90. DOI.org/10.1038/nri3156.
BURBANO, C., ROJAS, M., VÁSQUEZ, G. AND CASTAÑO, D. 2015. Microparticles That Form Immune Complexes as Modulatory Structures in Autoimmune Responses. Mediators of Inflammation. Hindawi Limited; 2015:1–15.
DOI.org/10.1155/2015/267590.
BURKER, S.M., ISSEKUTZ, T.B., MOHAN, K., LEE, P.W., SHMULEVITZ, M. AND MARSHALL, J.S., 2008. Human mast cell activation with virus-associated stimuli leads to the selective chemotaxis of natural killer cells by a CXCL8-dependent mechanism. Blood; 111(12), pp.5467-5476.
CARPENTIER, I., COORNAERT, B. AND BEYAERT R. 2004. Function and Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type 2. Current Medicinal Chemistry. Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.; 1;11(16):2205–12. DOI.org/10.2174/0929867043364694.
CAWTHORN, W.P. AND SETHI, J.K. 2007. TNF-α and adipocyte biology. FEBS Letters. Wiley; 26;582(1):117–31. DOI.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2007.11.051.
CHEN, N.J., CHIO, IIC., LIN, W-J., DUNCAN, G., CHAU, H. AND KATZ, D. 2008. Beyond tumor necrosis factor receptor: TRADD signaling in toll-like receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; 21;105(34):12429–34. DOI.org/10.1073/pnas.0806585105.
CLARK, I. 2007. How TNF was recognized as a key mechanism of disease. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. Elsevier BV; 18(3-4):335–43.
DOI.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.04.002.
CLAY, GOODMAN, J., ROBERTSON, C.S., GROSSMAN, R.G., AND NARAYAN, R.K. 1990. Elevation of tumor necrosis factor in head injury. Journal of Neuroimmunology . Elsevier BV; 30(2-3):213–7. DOI.org/10.1016/0165-5728(90)90105-v.
COELHO, A.L., HOGABOAM, C.M. AND KUNKEL, S.L. 2005. Chemokines provide the sustained inflammatory bridge between innate and acquired immunity. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews. Elsevier BV; 16(6):553–60. DOI.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.03.004.
COLLINS, T., READ, M.A., NEISH, A.S., WHITLEY, M.Z., THANOS, D. AND MANIATIS T. 1995. Transcriptional regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules: NF‐κB and cytokine‐inducible enhancers. The FASEB Journal. Wiley; 9(10):899–909. DOI.org/10.1096/fasebj.9.10.7542214.
CORY, S. AND ADAMS, J.M., 2002. The Bcl2 family: regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch. Nature Reviews Cancer. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 2(9):647–56. DOI.org/10.1038/nrc883.
DE ANDRES PJ, ILLERA JC, CACERES S, DIEZ L, PEREZ-ALENZA MD, PENA L.,2013. Increased levels of interleukins 8 and 10 as findings of canine inflammatory mammary cancer. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology; 152(3–4):245–51. https://DOI.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.12.010PMID: 23351639.
DINARELLO, C.A., 2009. Immunological and Inflammatory Functions of the Interleukin-1 Family. Annual Review of Immunology. Annual Reviews; 27(1):519–550. DOI.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132612.
ELMARAKBY, A.A., QUIGLEY, J.E., IMIG, J.D., POLLOCK, J.S. AND POLLOCK, D.M. 2008. TNF-α inhibition reduces renal injury in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. American Physiological Society; 294(1): R76–R83. DOI.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00466.2007.
ELSAYED, D.H., EL-AZZAZI, F.E., MAHMOUD, Y.K., DESSOUKI, S.M. AND AHMED, E.A. 2020. Subclinical endometritis and postpartum ovarian resumption in respect to TNF-±, IL-8 and CRP in Egyptian buffaloes. Animal Reproduction. Colegio Brasileiro de Reproducao Animal - CBRA; 17(1.DOI.org/10.21451/1984-3143-ar2019-0027.
ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY. 2005. Metal powders. Elsevier. Xv.DOI.org/10.1016/b978-185617479-4/50003-x.
FELDMANN, M. AND BRENNAN, F.M., 1996. Maini RN. ROLE OF CYTOKINES IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. Annual Review of Immunology. Annual Reviews; 14(1):397–440.
DOI.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.397.
FIELD, M. 2001. Tumour necrosis factor polymorphisms in rheumatic diseases. QJM. Oxford University Press (OUP); 1;94(5):237–46.
DOI.org/10.1093/qjmed/94.5.237.
GALLUZZI, L., VITALE, I., ABRAMS, J.M., ALNEMRI, E.S., BAEHRECKE, E.H., AND BLAGOSKLONNY, M.V. 2011. Molecular definitions of cell death subroutines: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2012. Cell Death & Differentiation. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 15;19(1):107–20.DOI.org/10.1038/cdd.2011.96.
GEBHARDT, C., HIRSCHBERGER, J., RAU, S., ARNDT, G., KRAINER, K. AND SCHWEIGERT, F.J. 2009. Use of C-reactive protein to predict outcome in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. Wiley; 19(5):450–8. DOI.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00462.x.
GOHDA, T., NIEWCZAS, M.A., FICOCIELLO, L.H., WALKER, W.H., SKUPIEN, J. AND ROSETTI, F. 2012. Circulating TNF Receptors 1 and 2 Predict Stage 3 CKD in Type 1 Diabetes. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. American Society of Nephrology (ASN); 19;23(3):516–24. DOI.org/10.1681/asn.2011060628.
GRELL, M., EAJANT, H., IMMERNANN, G. AND SCHEUICH, P. 1998. The type 1 receptor (CDL 20a) is the high-affinity receptor for soluble tumor necrosis factor proc. Natl Acad Sci USA, 5: 570-575.
HALLIWELL, B. AND GUTTERIDGE, J.M.C., 2015. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Oxford University Press; 1.
IMAIZUMI, T., ITAYA, H., FUJITA, K., KUDOH, D., KUDOH, S. AND MORI, K. 2000. Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Cultured Human Endothelial Cells Stimulated With Lipopolysaccharide or Interleukin-1α. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health); 20(2):410–415.
ISSEKUTZ, S.M., MOHAN, T.B.K., LEE, P.W.K., SHMULEVITZ, M. P. AND MARSHALL, J.S. 2008. Human mast cell activation with virus-associated stimuli leads to the selective chemotaxis of natural killer cells by a CXCL8-dependent mechanism. Blood. American Society of Hematology; 15;111(12):5467–76. DOI.org/10.1182/blood-2007-10-118547.
JERGENS, A.E., 2012. Inflammatory bowel disease in veterinary medicine. Frontiers in Bioscience. Frontiers in Bioscience; E4(4):1404–19. DOI.org/10.2741/e470.
JIANG, D., LIANG, J. AND NOBLE, P.W., 2011. Hyaluronan as an Immune Regulator in Human Diseases. Physiological Reviews. American Physiological Society; 91(1):221–64.
DOI.org/10.1152/physrev.00052.2009.
KAIPIAINEN-SEPPANEN, O., 2001. Regional differences in the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in Finland in 1995. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. BMJ; 1;60(2):128–32. DOI.org/10.1136/ard.60.2.128.
KANEKO, D. STELLWAGEN, R.C. MALENKA, M.P. STRYKER. 2008. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates one component of competitive, experience-dependent plasticity in developing visual cortex Neuron; 58 pp. 673-680.
KANG, C.P., 2005. The influence of polymorphism at position -857 of the tumour necrosis factor gene on clinical response to etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. Oxford University Press (OUP); 3;44(4):547–52.
DOI.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keh550.
KANG, C.P., 2005. The influence of a polymorphism at position -857 of the tumour necrosis factor gene on clinical response to etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. Oxford University Press (OUP); 3;44(4):547–52.
DOI.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keh550.
KANG,S.S., BLOOM, S.M., NORIAN. L.A, GESKE, M.J., FLAVEL, L.R.A., STAPPENBECK, T, AND ALLEN, P.M. 2008. An antibiotic-responsive mouse model of fulminant ulcerative colitis. PLoS Med 5: e41.
LIU, T., CLARK, R.K., MCDONNELL, P.C., YOUNG, P.R., WHITE, R.F., BARONE, F.C. AND ET, A.L. 1994. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in ischemic neurons. Stroke. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health); 25(7):1481–8.
DOI.org/10.1161/01.str.25.7.1481.
LU, W., CHEN, Q., YING, S., XIA, X., YU, Z. AND LUI, Y. 2016. Evolutionarily conserved primary TNF sequences relate to its primitive functions in cell death induction. Journal of Cell Science [Internet]. The Company of Biologists; 1;129(1):108–20. DOI.org/10.1242/jcs.175463.
MARIANA, P. AND SIMONE, A., 2013. January The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in autoimmunity.
MARTINON, F., MAYOR, A. AND TSCHOPP, J. 2009. The Inflammasomes: Guardians of the Body. Annual Review of Immunology. Annual Reviews; 27(1):229. DOI.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132715.
MATTILA, P., MAJURI M, L., MATTILA, P.S. AND RENKONEN, R. 1992. TNFa-Induced Expression of Endothelial Adhesion Molecules, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, is Linked to Protein Kinase C Activation. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. Wiley; 36(2):159–66. DOI.org/10.1111/j.13653083.1992.tb03087.x.
MCINNES, I.B. AND SCHETT, G. 2011. The Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society; 365(23):2205–19. DOI.org/10.1056/nejmra1004965.
MICHAEL R VASKO, DJANE B DUARTEJILL C FEHRENBACHER.,2012. Models of Inflammation: Carrageenan- Or Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced Edema and Hypersensitivity in the Rat.Curr Protoc.Mar;Chapter5:Unit5.4 Pharmacol.
MONTALBAN, A.G., BOMAN, E., CHANG, C.D., CEIDE, S.C., DAHL, R. AND DALESANDRO, D. 2008. The design and synthesis of novel α-ketoamide-based p38 MAP kinase inhibitors. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. Elsevier BV;18(6):1772. DOI.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.033.
MORGAN, M.J., KIM, Y.S. AND LIU, Z. 2008. TNFα and reactive oxygen species in necrotic cell death. Cell Research. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 26;18(3):343–9. DOI.org/10.1038/cr.2008.31.
OLSZEWSKI, M.B., GROOT, A.J., DASTYCH, J. AND KNOL, E.F. 2007. TNF Trafficking to Human Mast Cell Granules: Mature Chain-Dependent Endocytosis. The Journal of Immunology. The American Association of Immunologists; 18;178(9):5701–9. DOI.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5701.
PALLADINO, M.A., BAHJAT, F.R., THEODORAKIS, E.A. AND MOLDAWER, L.L. 2003. Anti-TNF-α therapies: the next generation. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 2(9):736–46. DOI.org/10.1038/nrd1175.
PETERSON, K.M., MONDAL, D., PETRI, W.A., DUGGAL, P., HAQUE, R. AND SHU, J. 2010. Association between TNF-α and Entamoeba histolytica Diarrhea. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; 1;82(4):620–5.
ROEDIGER, B., KYLE, R., TAY, S.S., MITCHELL, A.J., BOLTON, H.A. AND GUY, T.V. 2015. IL-2 is a critical regulator of group 2 innate lymphoid cell function during pulmonary inflammation. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Elsevier BV; 136(6):1653–1663.e7. DOI.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.043.
ROSEN, F.S., COOPER, M.D. AND WEDGWOOD, R.J.P. 1995. The Primary Immunodeficiencies. New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society; 17;333(7):431–40.
DOI.org/10.1056/nejm199508173330707.
SACK, M.N., 2002. Tumor necrosis factor-α in cardiovascular biology and the potential role for anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy in heart disease. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Elsevier BV; 94(1-2):123–35. DOI.org/10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00176-6.
SANTELLO, M. AND VOLTERRA, A., 2012. TNFα in synaptic function: switching gears. Trends in Neurosciences. Elsevier BV; 35(10):638–47. DOI.org/10.1016/j.tins.2012.06.001.
SIMS, J.E., PAN, Y., SMITH, D.E., NICKLIN, M.J., BARTON, J.L., BAZAN, J.F., KASTELEIN, R.A., BUSFIELD, S.J., FORD, J.E., LIN, H. AND MULERO, J.J. 2001. A new nomenclature for IL-1-family genes. Trends in immunology; Vol. 22, no.10, pp.536-537.
SRIRAMULA, S., HAQUE, M., MAJID, D.S.A. AND FRANCIS, J. 2008. Involvement of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Angiotensin II–Mediated Effects on Salt Appetite, Hypertension, and Cardiac Hypertrophy. Hypertension. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health); 51(5):1345–51.
DOI.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.102152.
STEINMAN, M.D.L., 1996. Multiple Sclerosis: A Coordinated Immunological Attack against Myelin in the Central Nervous System. Cell. Elsevier BV; 85(3):299–302.DOI.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81107-1.
SUN, L., WANG, H., WANG, Z., HE, S., CHEN, S., LIAO, D., WANG, L., YAN, J., LIU, W., LEI, X. AND WANG, X. 2012. Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein mediates necrosis signaling downstream of RIP3 kinase. Cell. 148:213–227.
SURESH K.B., DONNA, D. AND STEPHEN, H. 2004. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in asthma Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 24(4):583-97,DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2004.06.010.
SUTTON, C.E., LALOR, S.J., SWEENEY, C.M., BRERETON, C.F., LAVELLE, E.C. AND MILLS, K.H.G. 2009. Interleukin-1 and IL-23 Induce Innate IL-17 Production from T Cells, Amplifying Th17 Responses and Autoimmunity. Immunity. Elsevier BV;31(2):331–41. DOI.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2009.08.001.
TAYLOR, P.C., 2010. Pharmacology of TNF blockade in rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Current Opinion in Pharmacology. Elsevier BV;10(3):308–15.DOI.org/10.1016/j.coph.2010.01.005.
VAN, D.E., VEEN, W., STANIC, B., YAMAN, G., WAWRZYNIAK, M., SÖLLNER, S. AND AKDIS, D.G. 2013. IgG4 production is confined to human IL-10–producing regulatory B cells that suppress antigen-specific immune responses. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Elsevier BV; 131(4):1204–12. DOI.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.014.
VARFOLOMEEV, E., GONCHAROV, T., MAECKER, H., ZOBEL, K., KOMUVES, L.G. AND DESHAYES, K. 2012. Cellular Inhibitors of Apoptosis Are Global Regulators of NF- B and MAPK Activation by Members of the TNF Family of Receptors. Science Signaling. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS);20;5(216):ra22–ra22.
DOI.org/10.1126/scisignal.2001878.
VIELHAUER, V., STAVRAKIS, G. AND MAYADAS, T.N., 2005. Renal cell-expressed TNF receptor 2, not receptor 1, is essential for the development of glomerulonephritis. Journal of Clinical Investigation. American Society for Clinical Investigation; 1;115(5):1199–209. DOI.org/10.1172/jci200523348.
WELSER-ALVES, J.V. AND MILNER, R. 2013. Microglia are the major source of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in postnatal glial cultures, regulation by cytokines, lipopolysaccharide, and vitronectin. Neurochemistry International. Elsevier BV; 63(1):47–53. DOI.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2013.04.007.
YUAN, J. AND KROEMER, G., 2010. Alternative cell death mechanisms in development and beyond. Genes & Development. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 1;24(23):2592–602. DOI.org/10.1101/gad.1984410.