Protective Effect of Moringa on Salivary Glands of Rats Exposed to Electromagnetic Radiation of Mobile Phone: A Histological Study

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ministry of Health, Nineveh Health Directorate, Mosul, Iraq

2 Department of Dental Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry. University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

Abstract

The growing widespread usage of cell phones has resulted in potential negative impacts on human health due to their use near the location of salivary glands, which might be affected by non-ionizing radiofrequency radiation emitted from cell phones. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of electromagnetic waves from cell phones on the salivary glands of male albino rats. Albino rats (n =42) were divided into 6 groups (n = 7 per group). Group I, the control group, received normal saline. In Group II, animals received 200 mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves orally by gavage for a period of 10 weeks with no cell phone radiation. In Group III, animals were exposed to the data mode for 2 hours per day for 10 consecutive weeks. In Group IV, animals were exposed to calling mode for 2 hours per day for successive 10 weeks. In Group V, animals were subjected to data mode for 2 hours per day and given 200 mg/kg of Moringa extract. Group VI: animals exposed to calling mode for 2 hours/day and receiving 200 mg/kg of Moringa extract orally for a period of 10 weeks. Salivary gland samples were prepared for histological analysis after the experiment. In histological sections, the cells lining mucous acini, granular convoluted tubules, and striated ducts displayed symptoms of atrophy, vacuolar degeneration, necrosis, and detachment from the basement membrane edoema. These outcomes were examined using a light microscope. As a result of cell phone electromagnetic radiation, male albino rats' salivary glands suffered pathological alterations.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

AL-ALLAF, L. K., and AL-ASHOO, H. A., 2021. The effect of CO-Q10 on the testicular histological changes in rats induced by imatinib. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 35(1):189-196.‏ https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2020.126587.1347
AL-DAMEGH, M.A. 2012. Rat testicular impairment induced by electromagnetic radiation from a conventional cellular telephone and the protective effects of the antioxidants vitamins C and E. Clinics, 67(7), 785-792. https://doi.org/10.6061%2Fclinics%2F2012(07)14
BIN-MEFERIJ, M.M., and  EL-KOTT, A.F., 2015. The radioprotective effects of Moringa oleifera against mobile phone electromagnetic radiation-induced infertility in rats. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 8(8), 12487. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc4612844/
CHAUDHARY, P., TAWAR, M. G., JAWKHEDE, V. M., RAUT, P.K., and RAMTEKE, H. R., 2022. A Pharmacognosy, Ethanobotany and Phyto-pharmacology of Moringa oleifera Lam. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 15(1), 73-82. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/IJPTR.2022.150207
CHAUHAN, P., VERMA, H.N., SISODIA, R., and KESARI, K.K., 2017. Microwave radiation (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative stress: Whole-body exposure effect on histopathology of Wistar rats. Electromagnetic biology and medicine, 36(1), 20-30. https://doi.org/10.3109/15368378.2016.1144063
DUAN, Y., ZHANG, H.Z., and  BU, R.F.,  2011. Correlation between cellular phone use and epithelial parotid gland malignancies. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;40:966-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2011.03.007
FAROOQ, I., and BUGSHAN, A., 2020. The role of salivary contents and modern technologies in the remineralization of dental enamel: a narrative review. F1000Res. 2020 Mar.  https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22499.3
FERNÁNDEZ‐GAGO, R., MOLIST, P., and ROCHA, F., 2019. Anatomical and histochemical features of the digestive system of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 with a special focus on secretory cells. Acta Zoologica, 100(3), 320-335. doi.org/10.1111/azo.12257
GAUTAM, R., PRIYADARSHINI, E., NIRALA, J., and RAJAMANI, P., 2022. Impact of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation on male infertility: an assessment of the mechanism and consequences. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 98(6), 1063-1073. doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2020.1859154 
GHONEIM, F.M., and ARAFAT, E.A., 2016. Histological and histochemical study of the protective role of rosemary extract against harmful effect of cell phone electromagnetic radiation on the parotid glands. Acta histochemica, 118(5), 478-485. doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2016.04.010
GUPTA, P.C. 2022. Moringa oleifera Lam: A versatile medicinal tree in tropical and subtropical countries. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 8(4), 127-137. doi.org/10.31024/ajpp.2022.8.4.5
HAJIABBAS, M., D’AGOSTINO, C., SIMIŃSKA-STANNY, J., TRAN, S. D., SHAVANDI, A., and DELPORTE, C., 2022. Bioengineering in salivary gland regeneration. Journal of biomedical science, 29(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-022-00819-w
HAO D, YANG, L., CHEN, S., TONG, J., TIAN, Y., SU, B., WU, S., and ZENG, Y., 2013. Effects of long-term electromagnetic field exposure on spatial learning and memory in rats. Neurol Sci 34(2):157–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-012-0970-8
HUSSIN, S.A., and AL-ALLAF, L.I., 2022. Histological changes of CA and DG regions of hippocampus of rats’ brain after exposure to Acetaminophen in postnatal period. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences.36(1):151-8. https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2021.129569.1664
IBRAHEIM, M.H. 2020. Ameliorative effect of vitamin E against radiofrequency radiation emitted from mobile phone-induced hematological and histopathological alterations in male albino mice. Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, 53(4), 26-38. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajnsa.2020.25996.1339
JAVADI, A., NIKHBAKHT, M.R., GHASEMIAN YADEGARI, J., RUSTAMZADEH, A., MOHAMMADI, M., SHIRAZINEJAD, A., and ABDI, Z., 2023. In-vivo and in vitro assessments of the radioprotective potential natural and chemical compounds: a review. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 99(2), 155-165.  https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2022.2078007 
KASHYAP, P., KUMAR, S., RIAR, C. S., JINDAL, N., BANIWAL, P., GUINÉ, R. P., and KUMAR, H., 2022. Recent advances in Drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves bioactive compounds: Composition, health benefits, bioaccessibility, and dietary applications. Antioxidants, 11(2), 402. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fantiox11020402
LAVRINENKO, O., IGNATJEVA, S., BETLEJ, A., DANILEVIČA, A., MENSHIKOV, V., and RYBALKIN, O., 2022. Mobile internet in the EU: problems and perspectives. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 9(3), 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2022.9.3(22)
MOHAMMED, S.M., TAQA, G.A., and SULAIMAN, M.S., 2022. Effect of flavonoid luteolin on primary oral wound healing in rats. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2547, No. 1, p. 020007). AIP Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0113495
MORTAZAVI, S.M.J., MORTAZAVI, G., and PAKNAHAD, M., 2016. Histological and histochemical study of the protective role of rosemary extract against harmful effect of cell phone electromagnetic radiation on the parotid glands. Acta histochemica, 118(6), 657-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2016.04.010
MUBEEN, N., HASSAN, S.M., MUGHAL, S.S., HASSAN, S.K., IBRAHIM, A., HASSAN, H., and  MUSHTAQ, M., 2020. Vitality and Implication of Natural Products from Moringa oleifera: An Eco-Friendly Approach. Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, 8(2), 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.cbb.20200802.16
OZGUNER, M., KOYU, A., CESUR, G., URAL, M., OZGUNER, F., GOKCIMEN, A., and  DELIBAS, N., 2005. Biological and morphological effects on the reproductive organ of rats after exposure to electromagnetic field. Saudi medical journal, 26(3), 405-410. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15806208
PRAJAPATI, C., ANKOLA, M., UPADHYAY, T. K., SHARANGI, A. B., ALABDALLAH, N.M., AL-SAEED, F.A., and SAEED, M., 2022. Moringa oleifera: Miracle plant with a plethora of medicinal, therapeutic, and economic importance. Horticulturae, 8(6), 492.  http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060492 
RATH, M. 2020. Big data and iot-allied challenges associated with healthcare applications in smart and automated systems. In data analytics in medicine: Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications (pp. 1401-1414). IGI Global. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/IJSITA.2018040102
SAAD, S., and  ISAAC, M., 2017. The effect of mobile phone exposure on the testicular structure of the pubertal and the adult male albino rat. The Egyptian Journal of Anatomy, 40(2), 265-278. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJANA.2018.16905
SALAMA, A. A., ELSAEID, A. A., and  AWAD, O. M., 2020. The Protective role of Moringa oleifera against effects of electromagnetic field on Blood of Albino rats. Egyptian Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Biophysics, 21(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejbbe.2020.26864.1030
SRUJANA ARAVINDA, VOLETI S.R.I., KANDREGULA, CHAITANYA RAM; MUPPA, RADHIKA1 KRISHNA, M., MADHAVI; NIKITHA, B.S., YENNI, MALATHI, 2022). A cross-sectional and histological analysis to understand the cytological effects of cell phone radiation on buccal mucosa of children. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry ,40(1):p 74-80. https://doi.org/10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_28_22
THANOON, S.I., TAQA, G.A., and A ALKATAAN, M., 2022. The Protective Effect of N-acetyl Cysteine on Mitochondrial Copy Number of Salivary Glands after Induction of Oxidative Stress in Albino Rats. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 53(3), 391-402 https://doi.org/10.21608/ejvs.2022.138993.1341
UNDERWOOD, W., and ANTHONY, R., 2020. AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition. Retrieved on March, 2013(30), 2020-2021.  https://www.avma.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Guidelines-on-Euthanasia-2020.pdf 
YOUSIF, S., TAQA, G., and TAHA, A., 2022. The Effects of Melatonin on Caspase-3 and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity in Rats Exposed to Anticancer Drug. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2022.132312.5840
 

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 03 May 2023
  • Revise Date: 01 June 2023
  • Accept Date: 08 June 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics