Role Of Ultrasonography In The Diagnosis And Management Of Endophthalmitis In Cats

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Ass. Prof. of Veterinary Surgeon and Ophthalmologist, , Faculty of Veterinary medicine , Cairo University, Egypt.

Abstract

Endophthalmitis is one of the most devastating diagnoses in veterinary and human ophthalmology. Ocular ultrasound is an effective and non-invasive technique used for evaluating the structures of the eye and the surrounding tissues, especially when the development of ocular opacities in conditions such as corneal disease, uveitis, cataracts or trauma prevent or limit the use of ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The present study aimed to evaluate the ultrasonographic characteristics of endophthalmitis in cats and to assess the usefulness of ultrasonography in the selection of treatment methods in such cases. Sixty cats (90 eyes) of different breeds were presented with bilateral (30 cats) and unilateral (30 cats; OD=10, OS=20) endophthalmitis. The mean age ± SEM at the initial presentation was 13.46±1.69 months (range, 2 - 72 months).  After a thorough ophthalmic examination, the ultrasonographic evaluation using a high frequency (7.5-10 MHz) micro-convex probe was conducted to evaluate the concurrent ocular abnormalities in the anterior and posterior eye segments. After completing the ultrasonographic examination, the treatment protocol was applied. It was concluded that ocular ultrasonographic evaluation was found suitable in the diagnosis of endophthalmitis in cats and for the selection of the treatment protocol

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

ALI, K.M. AND HASSAN, M.H. 2020.Visual outcome evaluation of complicated perforating corneal injuries after surgical repair in 45 cats. Turkish Journal of Veterinary And Animal Science, In press.
BROOKS, D. E. AND MATTHEWS A. G. 2007. Equine ophthalmology. In: Gelatt KN, ed. Veterinary Ophthalmology. 4th ed. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing, 165-1274.
CHO, J., JUN, B. K., AND LEE, Y. J. ET AL., 1998. Factors associated with the poor final visual outcome after traumatic hyphema. Korean J Ophthalmol., 12:122–129.
COLLINS, BK AND MOORE, CP 1999. Diseases and surgery of the canine anterior uvea. In: Veterinary Ophthalmology, 3rd ed. (ed. Gelatt KN) Lippincott, 522 Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 755–795.
CROUCH, ER AND  JR, CROUCH, E. R. 1999. Management of traumatic hyphema: Therapeutic options. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, 36:238–250.
DAR, M. ET AL., 2014.  B-scan ultrasonography of ocular abnormalities: A review of 182 dogs. IJVR, 15: 122-126
DOUET, JY, MICHEL, J AND REGNIER, A. 2013. Degree and duration of corneal anesthesia after topical application of 0.4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution in ophthalmically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res.  74:1321–1326
ESSON, DW, 2015. Endophthalmitis and panopthalmitis. In:Clinical Atlas of Canine and Feline Ophthalmic Disease, 1st ed. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 280-281. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118840801.ch133
FEATHERSTONE, HJ AND HEINRICH CL 2013. Ophthalmic examination and diagnostics. In: Gelatt KN, Gilger BC, Kern TJ (eds).Veterinary Ophthalmology. Vol 1. 5th ed. Ames, IA, USA: Wiley-Blackwell/John Wiley & Sons. Pp. 671-683.
FIELDING, J. A. 2001. The eye and orbit. In: Meire, HB; Cosgrove, DO; Dewbury, KC and Wilde, P (Eds.), Clinical ultrasound. (2nd Edn.), Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone. PP: 938-964.
GELATT, K. AND MACKAY, E. 2005. Prevalence of primary breed related cataracts in the dog in North America. Vet. Opthalmol., 8: 101-111.

 

 GIALLETTI, R.,  MARCHEGIANI, A.,  VALERIANI, T. ET AL., 2018. A survey of ocular ultrasound abnormalities in horse: 145 cases. Journal of Ultrasound. 21:53–59. doi: 10.1007/s40477-018-0284-7

 

GUYONNET, A. ET AL., 2019. Supposed endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Serratia marcescens in a cat. Open Veterinary Journal, (2019), Vol. 9(1): 13–17. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v9i1.3

KOHANIM, S., DANIELS, AB AND HUYNH, N. ET AL., 2012. Utility of ocular ultrasonography in diagnosing infectious endophthalmitis in patients with media opacities. Semin Ophthalmol. 27(5-6):242-5.doi: 10.3109/08820538.2012.711417.

 MACKAY, CS AND MATTOON, JS 2015. Eye. In: Mattoon JS, Nyland TG, editors. Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO, USA. Saunders Elsevier. Pp. 130-154.
MAMALIS, N., KEARSLEY, L. AND BRINTON E. 2002. Postoperative endophthalmitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 13(1):14–18.
MANCUSO, LA, LASSALINE, M. AND SCHERRER, NM 2016. Porcine urinary bladder extracellular matrix grafts (ACell Vet Corneal Discs) for keratomalacia in 17 equids (2012-2013). Veterinary Ophthalmology; 19 (1): 3-10. doi: 10.1111/vop.12240.
MARCHINI, G.,PAGBARUSCO, A., TOSI R., AND CASTAGNA G. 1995. Ultrasonographic findings in endophthalmitis. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 73: 446-449.
MCLEOD, D.,  RESTORI, M. AND WRIGHT, J., 1977. Rapid B-scanning of the vitreous. Bri. J. Ophthalmol., 61: 437-445.
MILLER, P. E. 2008a. Orbit. In: Slatter’s fundamentals of veterinary ophthalmology. (eds. Maggs D, Miller P, Ofri R). 4thedn. Saunders-Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri, pp 352–373.
MILLER, P. E. 2008b. Glaucoma. In: Slatter’s fundamentals of veterinary ophthalmology. (eds. Maggs D, Miller P, Ofri R). 4thedn. Saunders-Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri, pp 352–373.
MORGAN, R. V. 1982. Ocular emergencies. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet; 4:44.
NAUTRUP, CP AND TOBIAS, R. 2000. An atlas and textbook of diagnostic ultrasonography of the dog and cat. London, UK, Manson Publishing Ltd., PP: 92-108.
NELMS, SR, NASISSE, M. P. AND DAVIDSON, M. G. ET AL., 1993. Hyphema associated with retinal disease in dogs: 17 cases (1986–1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc., 202:1289–1292.
NYLAND, TG, AND MATTOON J. S. 1995. Veterinary diagnostic ultrasound. W.B. Saunders company. PP.178-197.
PEÑA, M.T., LUERA, M., GARCÍA, FA. 1997. A new type of intraocular prosthesis for dogs Veterinary Record 140, 67-68.
SCHMID, V. 2007. Imaging of the Eye and Orbit. In: Diagnostic Ultrasound in Small Animal Practice. Blackwell Science Ltd, pp.278 – 300. DOI: 10.1002/9780470752357.ch14
SCOTTY, NC, CUTLER, TJ, AND BROOKS DE ET AL., 2004. Diagnostic ultrasonography of equine lens and posterior segment abnormalities. Vet. Ophthalmol. 7: 127–139. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2004.04009.x
SINGH, S., PUROHIT, S. AND PANDEY, RP (2015). B-mode intraocular echo-morphometry of Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Ruminant Science 4(2):249-254.
SINGH, S., PUROHIT, S., MALIK, V., YADAV, S., SINGH, RK, GANGWAR, NK. AND PANDEY, RP (2016). Echo-morphometric evaluation of ocular affections in Murrah buffaloes: Review of 15 cases. Ruminant Science 5(1):117-122.
SPAULDING, K. 2008. Eye and orbit. In: Pennieck, D and d’Anjou, MA (Eds.), Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography. (2nd Edn.), Iowa, Blackwell Publishing. PP: 49-89.
SPIESS, B. M., FUHLI, M. R. AND BOLLINGER, J. 1996. Eye injuries from cats claw at dog (in German). Schweizer Archiv fur Tier­heilkunde 138, 429–433.
WILKE, D. A. AND GILGER, BC 1998. Equine diagnostic ocular ultrasonography, In Rantanen NW, McKinnon AO. Eds. Equine Diagnostic Ultrasonography. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, pp. 637–643.
WILLIAMS, J. AND WILKIE, D. A. 1996. Ultrasonography of the eye. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet; 6:667–676.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 02 May 2020
  • Revise Date: 18 May 2020
  • Accept Date: 24 May 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics