Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 in Africa : Current Situation and Control Prospects

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage (MAG/EL), Direction de la Santé Animale (DSA), BP : 12091, Niamey, Niger

2 Université Dan Dicko Dankoulodo de Maradi (UDDM), Faculté d’Agronomie et des Sciences de l’Environnement (FASE), BP: 465, Maradi, Niger

3 Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques (FSA), Université Djibo Hamani de Tahoua (UDH), BP : 255, Tahoua, Niger

4 Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations-Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, BP : 656, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

5 Laboratoire Central de l’Elevage de Niamey (LABOCEL), Service de Parasitologie, BP: 485, Niamey, Níger

6 Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage (MAG/EL), Direction des Statistiques (DS), BP : 12091, Niamey, Niger

7 Université de Lomé (UL), Centre d’Excellence Régional sur les Sciences Aviaires(CERSA), 01 BP: 1515, Lomé, Togo

10.21608/javs.2025.410801.1700

Abstract

Since it first appeared in poultry in Scotland in 1959, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has greatly impacted the global poultry industry and public health. In less than seventy years, it has spread to ninety-six countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, and America. In Africa, the first cases were reported in Nigeria in 2006. Since then, the virus has spread rapidly to around twenty African countries, becoming enzootic and raising concerns for public health. This study aims to present a review of the recent literature on HPAI H5N1 in Africa in order to contribute to understand of its epidemiology and to explore strategies for prevention, preparedness, and control of a future panzootic. The diagnosis of H5N1 HPAI in the laboratory is based on the identification and characterisation of the virus. With advances in science and technology, new rapid and less expensive diagnostic tests have been developed. However, some of these tests cross-react with H5 viruses. In Africa, efforts are still needed to better equip laboratories for the diagnosis of avian influenza. Despite the controversy surrounding the role of vaccination in controlling outbreaks of HPAI H5N1 in poultry, recent studies have shown that vaccination plays an effective role when there is a high degree of antigenic similarity between vaccine strains and wild strains. The decision to use poultry vaccination as a means of controlling the H5N1 HPAI virus is guided by the epidemiological and socio-economic context of each country.

Keywords

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History

  • Receive Date: 05 August 2025
  • Revise Date: 16 September 2025
  • Accept Date: 26 September 2025

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