Ezzeldin, A., Bashandy, E., Ahmed, Z., Ismail, T. (2023). Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease in Egypt during 2006-2018. Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, 8(1), 90-96. doi: 10.21608/javs.2022.174716.1192
Azza Ezzeldin; Ehsan Bashandy; Zakia Ahmed; Tamer Ismail. "Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease in Egypt during 2006-2018". Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, 8, 1, 2023, 90-96. doi: 10.21608/javs.2022.174716.1192
Ezzeldin, A., Bashandy, E., Ahmed, Z., Ismail, T. (2023). 'Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease in Egypt during 2006-2018', Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, 8(1), pp. 90-96. doi: 10.21608/javs.2022.174716.1192
Ezzeldin, A., Bashandy, E., Ahmed, Z., Ismail, T. Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease in Egypt during 2006-2018. Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, 2023; 8(1): 90-96. doi: 10.21608/javs.2022.174716.1192
Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease in Egypt during 2006-2018
Dept. Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 11221, Egypt
Receive Date: 14 November 2022,
Revise Date: 18 December 2022,
Accept Date: 23 December 2022
Abstract
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a notifiable vector–born disease transmitted by blood-feeding insects affecting cattle population. LSD is a severe disease that is leading to economic losses. In this study, we displayed the prevalence of LSD in Egypt through retrospective and survey studies to point out the possible hazards of this serious disease. The 2006-2018 passive surveillance data were obtained from OIE-Wahis. A survey was conducted in 326 cattle, collected from 40 villages in 2017, using a structured questionnaire. The total positive LSD notified outbreaks reached 577 between 2006-2018. For spatial distribution, the Delta region showed the highest significant prevalence of 88% in 2006 outbreak. Afterwards, Upper Egypt recorded the highest LSD prevalence between 2014 and 2018. Temporal distribution showed alternative seasonal prevalence of LSD. In the cross-sectional study, the Delta had the highest prevalence followed by Upper Egypt. Between seasons, autumn had the highest prevalence followed by winter. Regarding risk factors, the age of more than two years showed significant highest prevalence. Dairy animals had significant high prevalence. Housing animals in the open, the presence of farms near markets and repeated visits to markets, all had significant high prevalence. The abundance of biting-flies significantly increased prevalence. Almost all of farmers were significantly unaware about the disease. The absence of periodic cleaning, animal isolation, and proper carcasses disposal, all significantly increased LSD prevalence especially in unvaccinated animals. In conclusion, the retrospective and cross-sectional studies showed that LSD is an endemic disease on both spatial and temporal distributions. In addition, the survey pointed out the husbandry and biosecurity breaches that magnify LSD prevalence. Therefore, raising disease awareness and application of strategic prevention and control measures are the practical pillars against LSD.
ABERA, Z., DEGEFU, H., GARI, G., and KIDANE, M., 2015. Sero-prevalence of lumpy skin disease in selected districts of West Wollega zone, Ethiopia. BMC veterinary research, 11(1), pp.1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0432-7
ALI, A.A., ESMAT, M., ATTIA, H., SELIM, A., and ABDEL-HAMID, Y.M., 1990. Clinical and pathological studies of lumpy skin disease in Egypt. Veterinary Record, 127(22), pp.549. PMID: 2281596
AL-Sabaawy, H.B., AL-Hamdany, E.K, AL-Sultan, A.A., and RDAM S.A., 2020. A High Light On Lumpy Skin Disease In Iraq And The Middle East: A Review Article. Journal Of Applied Veterinary Sciences, 5(2): 94 - 103. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/javs.2020.85608
AL‐SALIHI, K.A., and HASSAN, I.Q., 2015. Lumpy skin disease in Iraq: study of the disease emergence. Transboundary and emerging diseases, 62(5), pp.457-462. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12386
BABIUK, S., BOWDEN, T.R., BOYLE, D.B., WALLACE, D.B., and KITCHING, R.P., 2008. Capripoxviruses: an emerging worldwide threat to sheep, goats and cattle. Transboundary and emerging diseases, 55(7), pp.263-272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01043.x
CARN, V.M.1., and KITCHING, R.P., 1995. An investigation of possible routes of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (Neethling). Epidemiol Infect.;114(1):219-26.
C.F.S.P.H. 2008. The Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institution of International cooperation in Animal Biologics, an OIE collaborating center.
CHIHOTA, C.M., RENNIE, L.F., KITCHING, R.P., and MELLOR, P.S., 2001. Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Epidemiology & Infection, 126(2), pp.317-321. https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0950268801005179
CHIHOTA, C.M., RENNIE, L.F., KITCHING, R.P., and MELLOR, P.S., 2003. Attempted mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 17(3), pp.294-300. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00445.x
COETZER, J.A.W., THOMSON, G.R., and TUSTIN, R.C., 1994. Infectious diseases of livestock with special reference to Southern Africa. Oxford University Press, Cape Town
DAVIES, F.G., 1991. Lumpy skin disease of cattle: a growing problem in Africa and the Near East. World Animal Review, 68(3), pp.37-42.
ELHAIG, M.M., SELIM, A., and MAHMOUD, M., 2017. Lumpy skin disease in cattle: Frequency of occurrence in a dairy farm and a preliminary assessment of its possible impact on Egyptian buffaloes. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 84(1), pp.1-6. https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1393
EUROPEAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY , CALISTRI P., DECLERCQ, K., GUBBINS, S., KLEMENT, E., and STEGEMAN, A., 2019. Lumpy skin disease: III. Data collection and analysis. EFSA Journal, 17(3), e05638. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5638
GARI, G., WARET-SZKUTA, A., GROSBOIS, V., JACQUIET, P., and ROGER, F., 2010. Risk factors associated with observed clinical lumpy skin disease in Ethiopia. Epidemiology & Infection, 138(11), pp.1657-1666. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268810000506
GEZAHEGN ALEMAYEHU, GIRMA ZEWDE and BERHANU ADMASSU. 2013. Risk assessments of lumpy skin diseases in Borena bull market chain and its implication for livelihoods and international trade. Trop Anim Health Prod. 45(5):1153–1159. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11250-012-0340-9
HUNTER, P., and WALLACE, D., 2001. Lumpy skin disease in southern Africa: a review of the disease and aspects of control. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 72(2), pp.68-71. PMID: 11513262 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v72i2.619
KAWTHER, S.Z. 2008. Observations on lumpy skin disease in local Egyptian cows with emphasis on its impact on ovarian function. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2(10), pp.252-257. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR.9000531
KUMAR, S.M. 2011. An outbreak of lumpy skin disease in a Holstein Dairy Herd in Oman: a clinical report. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(8), pp.851-859. https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2011.851.859
MOLINI, U., AIKUKUTU, G., KHAISEB, S., HAINDONGO, N.N., LILUNGWE, A.C., CATTOLI, G., DUNDON, W.G., and LAMIEN, C.E., 2018. Molecular characterization of lumpy skin diseasevirus in Namibia, 2017.Archives of virology, 163(9), pp.2525-2529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3891-x
MOLLA, W., FRANKENA, K., GARI, G., KIDANE, M., SHEGU, D., and DE JONG, M.C., 2018. Seroprevalence and risk factors of lumpy skin disease in Ethiopia. Preventive veterinary medicine, 160, pp.99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.09.029
MURPHY, F.A., GIBBS, E. P. J., HORZINEK, M. C.,and STUDDERT, M. J. 1999. Veterinary Virology. Poxviridae, pp277-292.
OCHWO, S., VANDERWAAL, K., MUNSEY, A., NDEKEZI, C., MWEBE, R., OKURUT, A.R.A., NANTIMA, N., and MWIINE, F.N., 2018. Spatial and temporal distribution of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Uganda (2002–2016). BMC veterinary research, 14(1), pp.1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1503-3
OIE., 2010. OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Lumpy skin disease. Chapter2. 4. 14. pp768-778.
OIE-WAHIS (OIE WORLD ANIMAL HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM).
QUINN, P.J., MARKEY, B.K., CARTER, M.E., DONNELLY, W.J.C., and LEONARD, F.C., 2002. Veterinary microbiology and microbial disease. Blackwell science.
RADOSTITS, O.M., GAY, C., HINCHCLIFF, K.W., and CONSTABLE, P.D. EDS., 2006. Veterinary Medicine E-Book: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. Elsevier Health Sciences.
SALIB, F.A., and OSMAN, A.H., 2011. Incidence of lumpy skin disease among Egyptian cattle in Giza Governorate, Egypt. Veterinary world, 4(4).162-167. https://doi.org/10.5455/VETWORLD.2011.162-167
SELIM, A., MANAA, E., and KHATER, H., 2021. Seroprevalence and risk factors for lumpy skin disease in cattle in Northern Egypt. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 53(3), pp.1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02786-0
SUDHAKAR, S.B., MISHRA, N., KALAIYARASU, S., JHADE, S.K., HEMADRI, D., SOOD, R., BAL, G.C., NAYAK, M.K., PRADHAN, S.K., and SINGH, V.P., 2020. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks in cattle in Odisha state, India in August 2019: Epidemiological features and molecular studies. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 67(6), pp.2408-2422. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13579
TAGELDIN, M.H., WALLACE, D.B., GERDES, G.H., PUTTERILL, J.F., GREYLING, R.R., PHOSIWA, M.N., AL BUSAIDY, R.M., and AL ISMAAILY, S.I., 2014. Lumpy skin disease of cattle: an emerging problem in the Sultanate of Oman. Tropical animal health and production, 46(1), pp.241-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-013-0483-3
THRUSFIELD, M. 2018. Veterinary epidemiology. John Wiley & Sons.
TUPPURAINEN, E., ALEXANDROV, T., and BELTRÁN-ALCRUDO, D.J.F.A.P., 2017. Lumpy skin disease-a manual for veterinarians. FAO Animal Production and Health Manual, (20):1-60.
TUPPURAINEN, E.S.M., and OURA, C.A.L., 2012. lumpy skin disease: an emerging threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Transboundary and emerging diseases, 59(1), pp.40-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01242.x
WAINWRIGHT, S.H.E.R.R.Y.L.I.N., EL IDRISSI, A., MATTIOLI, R.A.F.F.A.E.L.E., TIBBO, M.A.R.K.O.S., NJEUMI, F.E.L.I.X., and RAIZMAN, E.R.A.N., 2013. Emergence of lumpy skin disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin countries. FAO Empres Watch, 29, pp.1-6. https://www.fao.org/3/aq706e/aq706e.pdf
ZELALEM, A., TADELE, K., DEREJE, A.,and GETACHEW, A., 2019. Survey on Distribution, Associated factors of Lumpy Skin Disease Occurrence and Its Vaccine Efficacy in selected Districts of East Wollega Zone, Western Oromiya. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research. Volume 13- Issue 2: 9897-9906.
ZEYNALOVA, S., ASADOV, K., GULIYEV, F., VATANI, M. and ALIYEV, V., 2016. Epizootology and molecular diagnosis of lumpy skin disease among livestock in Azerbaijan. Frontiers in Microbiology, p.1022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01022
View on SCiNiTO
Top