Al-Allaf, L. (2022). A Review on the Potential Effective Cytoprotective Role of Ginseng in Rat's Organ. Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, 7(4), 6-13. doi: 10.21608/javs.2022.146119.1157
Luma Ibrahim Khalel Al-Allaf. "A Review on the Potential Effective Cytoprotective Role of Ginseng in Rat's Organ". Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, 7, 4, 2022, 6-13. doi: 10.21608/javs.2022.146119.1157
Al-Allaf, L. (2022). 'A Review on the Potential Effective Cytoprotective Role of Ginseng in Rat's Organ', Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, 7(4), pp. 6-13. doi: 10.21608/javs.2022.146119.1157
Al-Allaf, L. A Review on the Potential Effective Cytoprotective Role of Ginseng in Rat's Organ. Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, 2022; 7(4): 6-13. doi: 10.21608/javs.2022.146119.1157
A Review on the Potential Effective Cytoprotective Role of Ginseng in Rat's Organ
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
Receive Date: 21 June 2022,
Revise Date: 02 August 2022,
Accept Date: 11 August 2022
Abstract
Panax ginseng is among the herbal agents traditionally utilized for thousands of years. It is used commonly as dried roots with possible multifaceted medical characteristics, including anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, tonic, antiviral, antifungal, and antioxidant, besides its potential actions in healing and restoration. Although many studies discussed the action of one of the components of Panax ginseng, several types of this herb include Panax quinquefolius in America,Pan Ginseng in Korea, and Panax notoginseng in China. This study aims to review the articles that focus on the potential roles of ginseng in general, highlighting the effect of ginseng on several rats' organs. A brief review of the articles discussed the role of ginseng as an anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, tonic, antiviral, antifungal, and antioxidant agent. Several works concluded the multifaceted actions of ginseng at both clinical and animal levels. The products which are obtained from the natural origins (as ginseng)are gained major concerns as pharmacological agents as they are potentially helpful in treating several disorders by their several cytoprotective roles in oxidative stress, inflammation infection(viral and bacterial), malignancy, diabetes mellitus, problems of sexuality beside the disorders of central nervous and cardiovascular systems as these herbs have little toxicity. There is a need to develop new components of ginseng.
"ASIAN GINSENG.", 2016. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. September 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
ABDUL-HAMID, M., MOHAMED, H.M., and ABD EL-TWAB, S.M., and ZAIED, K.,2020. Histological, ultrastructural, and biochemical study on the possible role of Panax ginseng in ameliorating liver injury induced by Lambda cyhalotherin. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 9, 52 .https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-020-00076-6
AHN, J.Y., CHOI, I.S., SHIM, J.Y., YUN, E.K , YUN, Y.S, JEONG, G., and SONG, J.Y., 2006. The immunomodulator ginseng induces resistance to experimental sepsis by inhibiting Toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory signals. Eur J Immunol.36(1):37-45. doi: 10.1002/eji.200535138.
AHUJA, A., KIM, J.H., KIM, J.H., YI, Y.S., and CHO J.Y., 2018. Functional role of ginseng-derived compounds in cancer. J Ginseng Res.42(3):248-254. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.009.
ALRASHED, A.A., and EL-KORDY, E.A., 2019. Possible Protective Role of Panax Ginseng on Cisplatin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Adult Male Albino Rats (Biochemical and Histological Study). J Microsc Ultrastruct. .7(2):84-90. doi: 10.4103/JMAU.JMAU_4_19.
BAEK, K.S., YI, Y.S., SON, Y.J., JEONG, D., SUNG, N.Y., ARAVINTHAN, A., KIM, J.H., and CHO, J.Y., 2017. Comparison of anticancer activities of Korean Red Ginseng-derived fractions. J Ginseng Res. 41(3):386-391. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.11.001.
BILGI, N., BELL, K., ANANTHAKRISHNAN, A.N., and ATALLAH, E.,2010. "Imatinib and Panax ginseng: a potential interaction resulting in liver toxicity ."The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 44 (5): 926–8. doi:10.1345/aph.1M715.
CHEN, X.C., CHEN, Y., ZHU, Y.G., FANG, F., and CHEN, L.M.,2002. Protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 against MPTP-induced apoptosis in mouse substantia nigra neurons. Acta Pharmacol Sin.23(9):829-34. PMID: 12230953. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12230953/.
CHERYL A. BIGHAM,2019. "Warning letter: Amerigo Labs LLC ."Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, Office of Compliance, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration https://ask.surf/host-https-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng.
CHO, H. J., CHOI, S. H., KIM, H. J., LEE, B. H., RHIM, H., KIM, H. C., HWANG, S. H., and NAH, S. Y.,2019. Bioactive lipids in a gintonin-enriched fraction from ginseng. Journal of ginseng research, 43(2), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.006
CHO, Y. K., KIM, J. E., and WOO, J. H.,2017. Genetic defects in the nef gene are associated with Korean Red Ginseng intake: monitoring of nef sequence polymorphisms over 20 years. Journal of ginseng research, 41(2), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2016.02.005
CHOI, J. H., LEE, M. J., JANG, M., KIM, H. J., LEE, S., LEE, S. W., KIM, Y. O., and CHO, I. H., 2018. Panax ginseng exerts antidepressant-like effects by suppressing neuroinflammatory response and upregulating nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factors 2 signaling in the amygdala. Journal of ginseng research, 42(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.012
CHOI, J. H., JANG, M., NAH, S. Y., OH, S., and CHO, I. H., 2018. Multitarget effects of Korean Red Ginseng in animal model of Parkinson's disease: antiapoptosis, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity. Journal of ginseng research, 42(3), 379–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2018.01.002.
GAD EL-KARIM, D.R., ODA, S.S., TOHAMY, H.G., and HASHEM, M.A.,2017. The Effect of Metformin and Ginseng on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats: Hematological, Biochemical and Histopathological Studies.AJVS. 55(1): 60-66.doi: 10.5455/ajvs.259782
GHAMRY, H.I., ABOUSHOUK, A.A., SOLIMAN, M.M., ALBOGAMI, S.M., TOHAMY, H.G., OKLE, O.S.E, ALTHOBAITI, S.A., REZK, S., FARRAG, F., HELAL, A.I., GHONEIM, H.A., and SHUKRY, M.,2022. Ginseng® Alleviates Malathion-Induced Hepatorenal Injury through Modulation of the Biochemical, Antioxidant, Anti-Apoptotic, and Anti-Inflammatory Markers in Male Rats. Life (Basel). 23;12(5):771. doi: 10.3390/life12050771.
HAN, S.Y., KIM, J., KIM, E., KIM, S.H., SEO, D.B., KIM, J.H., SHIN, S.S., and CHO, J.Y., 2018. AKT-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Panax ginseng calyx ethanolic extract. J Ginseng Res. 42(4):496-503. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.06.003.
HWANG, S.Y., SON, D.J., KIM, I.W., KIM, D.M., SOHN S.H., LEE, J.J., and KIM, S.K.,2008. Korean red ginseng attenuates hypercholesterolemia-enhanced platelet aggregation through suppression of diacylglycerol liberation in high-cholesterol-diet-fed rabbits. Phytother Res.22(6):778-83. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2363.
IM, D.S., and NAH, S.Y.,2013. Yin and Yang of ginseng pharmacology: ginsenosides vs. gintonin. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 34(11):1367-73. doi: 10.1038/aps.2013.100.
IQBAL, K., ALONSO, ADEL C., CHEN, S., CHOHAN, M.O., EL-AKKAD, E., GONG, C.X., KHATOON, S., LI B., LIU F., RAHMAN, A., TANIMUKAI, H., and GRUNDKE-IQBAL, I., 2005. Tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta. 3;1739(2-3):198-210. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.09.008.
IZZO, A.A., and ERNST, E., 2001. "Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review ."Drugs. 61 (15): 2163–75. doi:10.2165/00003495-200161150-00002.
JENNER, P. 2003. Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 53 Suppl 3:S26-36; discussion S36-8. doi: 10.1002/ana.10483.
JI, W., and GONG, B.Q., 2007. Hypolipidemic effects and mechanisms of Panax notoginseng on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 5;113(2):318-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.022
KIM, D. H.2018. Gut microbiota-mediated pharmacokinetics of ginseng saponins. Journal of ginseng research, 42(3), 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.011.
KIM, J., LEE, Y.H., WANG, J. , KIM, Y.K., and KWON, I.K., 2022. Isolation and characterization of ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticles with sucrose cushioning followed by ultracentrifugation. SN Appl. Sci. 4, 63 .https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-022-04943-y
KIM, J. H.2012. Cardiovascular Diseases and Panax ginseng: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms and Medical Applications. Journal of ginseng research, 36(1), 16–26.
KIM, J. H. 2018. Pharmacological and medical applications of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides: a review for use in cardiovascular diseases. Journal of ginseng research, 42(3), 264–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.10.004
KIM, K.H., LEE, D., LEE, H.L., KIM, C.E., JUNG, K., and KANG, K.S., 2018. Beneficial effects of Panax ginseng for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases: past findings and future directions. J Ginseng Res.42(3):239-247. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.011.
KIM, S.H., and PARK K.S., 2003. Effects of Panax ginseng extract on lipid metabolism in humans. Pharmacol Res. 48(5):511-3. doi: 10.1016/s1043-6618(03)00189-0.
KIM, Y., SOHN, S. , YANG, S. , KIM, H., SHIN, Y., and LEE, S.,2013. Effects of Panax ginseng extract on osteoporosis in aged rats. Planta Med .79 - PB23
doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1351968.
KOPELMAN, P.G. 2000. obesity as a medical problem. Nature. 6;404(6778):635-43. doi: 10.1038/35007508.
LEE, B. H., CHOI, S. H., KIM, H. J., PARK, S. D., RHIM, H., KIM, H. C., HWANG, S. H., and NAH, S. Y.,2018. Gintonin absorption in intestinal model systems. Journal of ginseng research, 42(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2016.12.007
LEE, I.A., HYAM, S.R., JANG, S.E., HAN, M.J., and KIM, D.H., 2012. Ginsenoside Re ameliorates inflammation by inhibiting the binding of lipopolysaccharide to TLR4 on macrophages. J Agric Food Chem. 26;60(38):9595-602. doi: 10.1021/jf301372g.
LEE, M.J., CHANG, B.J., OH, S., NAH, S.Y., and CHO, I.H., 2018. Korean Red Ginseng mitigates spinal demyelination in a model of acute multiple sclerosis by downregulating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathways. J Ginseng Res. 42:436–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.013
LEE, S. H., CHOI, K. H., CHA, K. M., HWANG, S. Y., PARK, U. K., JEONG, M. S., HONG, J. Y., HAN, C. K., IN, G., KOPALLI, S. R., and KIM, S. K.,2019. Protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng against sub-acute immobilization stress-induced testicular damage in experimental rats. Journal of ginseng research, 43(1), 125–134.
LEE, S.T., CHU. K., SIM. J.Y., HEO. J.H., and KIM. M., 2008. Panax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 22(3):222-6. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e31816c92e6.
LEE, W. S., and RHEE, D. K.,2021. Corona-Cov-2 (COVID-19) and ginseng: Comparison of possible use in COVID-19 and influenza. Journal of ginseng research, 45(4), 535–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.12.005
LIM, K. H., LIM, D.J., and KIM, J. H.,2013. Ginsenoside-Re ameliorates ischemia and reperfusion injury in the heart: a hemodynamics approach. Journal of ginseng research, 37(3), 283–292.
LIU, R., CHEN, Q.H., REN, J.W., SUN, B. , CAI, X.X, LI, D., MAO, R.X., WU, X., and LI, Y., 2018. Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) Oligopeptides Protect Against Binge Drinking-Induced Liver Damage through Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Rats.
LIU, X.Y., ZHOU, X.Y., HOU, J.C., ZHU, H., WANG, Z., LIU, J.X., and ZHENG, Y.Q., 2015. Ginsenoside Rd promotes neurogenesis in rat brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia via activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2015 Apr;36(4):421-8. doi: 10.1038/aps.2014.156.
LOBO, V., PATIL, A., PHATAK, A., and CHANDRA, N.,2010. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy reviews, 4(8), 118–126. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.70902.
MOHANAN, P., SUBRAMANIYAM, S., MATHIYALAGAN, R., and YANG, D.C., 2018. Molecular signaling of ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3 and their mode of actions. J Ginseng Res. 42(2):123-132. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.008.
MOON, J.N., KIM, J.K., LEE, S., and KWON, J.H., 2019. Antihypertensive effects of Korean wild-simulated ginseng (Sanyangsam) extracts in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Sci Biotechnol. 7;28(5):1563-1569. doi: 10.1007/s10068-019-00617-5
MOON, H.K., KIM, K.S., CHUNG, S.K., and KIM, J.K.,2015. Effect of wild Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) extract on blood glucose and serum lipid contents in rats with multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced Diabetes. Food Sci Biotechnol 24, 1505–1511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-015-0194-9.
MOSTAFA, R.E., SHAFFIE N.M., and ALLAM, R.M., 2021. Panax Ginseng alleviates thioacetamide-induced liver injury in ovariectomized rats: Crosstalk between inflammation and oxidative stress.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260507.
NASR, S., MOUSTAFA, M., BOUGHDADY, W., and YOUSRY, M., 2021. A Histological Study of the Effect of Panax Ginseng Versus Finasteride on Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats with Potentiality of Spontaneous Recovery. Egyptian Journal of Histology, 44(3), 587-600. doi: 10.21608/ejh.2020.43908.1360.
PAGIDIPATI N.J., and GAZIANO T.A., 2013. Estimating deaths from cardiovascular disease: a review of global methodologies of mortality measurement. Circulation. 12;127(6):749-56. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.128413.
PARK, E. H., YUM, J., KU, K. B., KIM, H. M., KANG, Y. M., KIM, J. C., KIM, J. A., KANG, Y. K., and SEO, S. H., 2014. Red Ginseng-containing diet helps to protect mice and ferrets from the lethal infection by highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus. Journal of ginseng research, 38(1), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.012
PARK, S.Y., PARK, J.H., KIM, H.S., LEE, C.Y., LEE, H.J., KANG, K.S., and KIM, C.E., 2018. Systems-level mechanisms of action of Panax ginseng: a network pharmacological approach. J Ginseng Res.42(1):98-106. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.09.001.
QIN, N., GONG, Q.H., WEI, L.W., WU, Q., and HUANG, X.N., 2008. Total ginsenosides inhibit the right ventricular hypertrophy induced by monocrotaline in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 31(8):1530-5. doi: 10.1248/bpb.31.1530.
RAGHAVENDRAN, H.R.B., REKHA, S., SHIN, J.W., KIM, H.G,WANG, J.H., PARK, H.J., CHOI, M.K., CHO, J.H., and SON, C.G., 2011. Effects of Korean ginseng root extract on cisplatin-induced emesis in a rat-pica model.Food and Chemical Toxicology. 49( 1): 215-221. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.019.
RAHIM, S.A. 2014. Protective effect of Panax ginseng on Flutamide-induced spermatogenesis impairment in adult rats.Journal of University of Babylon, 2014;
RATAN, Z. A., HAIDERE, M. F., HONG, Y. H., PARK, S. H., LEE, J. O., LEE, J., and CHO, J. Y., 2021. Pharmacological potential of ginseng and its major component ginsenosides. Journal of ginseng research, 45(2), 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.02.004
ROCA, I., AKOVA, M., BAQUERO, F., CARLET, J., CAVALERI, M., COENEN, S., COHEN, J., FINDLAY, D., GYSSENS, I., and HEURE, O., 2015. The global threat of antimicrobial resistance: science for intervention. New Microbes New Infect. 2015;6:22–29. doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2015.02.007. Erratum in: New Microbes New Infect. ;8:175.
SMITH, R.G., CASWELL, D., CARRIERE, A., and ZIELKE, B., 1996. Variation in the ginsenoside content of American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L., roots. Canadian J Botany. 74(10):1616–1620. https://doi.org/10.1139/b96-19.
TAN, S., ZHOU, F., LI, N., DONG, Q., ZHANG, X., YE, X., GUO, J., CHEN, B., and YU, Z., 2013. Anti-fatigue effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on postoperative fatigue syndrome induced by major small intestinal resection in rat. Biol Pharm Bull. 36:1634–1639. doi: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00522.
VUKSAN, V., SUNG, M. K., SIEVENPIPER, J.L., STAVRO, P.M., JENKINS, A.L., DI BUONO, M., LEE, K.S., LEITER, L.A., NAM, K.Y., and ARNASON, J.T., 2008. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves glucose and insulin regulation in well-controlled, type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Nutr Metabol Cardiovasc Dis. 18:46–56. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2006.04.003.
WAHID, F., KHAN, T., SUBHAN, F., KHAN, M. A., and KIM, Y.Y., 2010. Ginseng pharmacology: Multiple molecular targets and recent clinical trials. Drugs of the Future. 35(5):399–407. doi: 10.1358/dof.2010.035.05.1484393.
WANG, X., SU, G.Y., ZHAO, C., QU, F.Z., WANG, P., and ZHAO, Y.Q., 2018. Anticancer activity and potential mechanisms of 1C, a ginseng saponin derivative, on prostate cancer cells. J Ginseng Res. 42:133–143. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.12.014.
WILLIAM, A., CORRELL, J.R., and MARYENGLE, K.,2019."Warning letter: TEK Naturals ."Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, Office of Compliance, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration; US Federal Trade Commission. 2019. https://wikipredia.net/nn/Ginseng
WILLIAM, R., and WEISSING, E.R.,2018."Warning letter: Baker's Best Health Products, Inc." Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, Office of Compliance, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration. 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng.
YAMADA, N., ARAKI, H., and YOSHIMURA, H., 2011. Identification of antidepressant-like ingredients in ginseng root (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) using a menopausal depressive-like state in female mice: participation of 5-HT2A receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 216:589–599. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2252-1.
YANG, W.S., RATAN, Z.A., KIM, G, LEE, Y, KIM, M.Y., KIM, J.H., and CHO JY., 2015. 4-Isopropyl-2, 6-bis (1-phenylethyl) aniline 1, an analogue of KTH-13 isolated from Cordyceps bassiana, inhibits the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response. Med Inflamm. 2015 doi: 10.1155/2015/143025.
YU, J.S., ROH, H.S., BAEK, K.H., LEE, S, KIM, S., SO, H.M., MOON, E., PANG, C., JANG, T.S., and KIM, K.H., 2018. Bioactivity-guided isolation of ginsenosides from Korean Red Ginseng with cytotoxic activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cells. J Ginseng Res.42:562–570. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.02.004.
YU, T., YANG, Y., KWAK, Y.S., SONG, G.G., KIM, M.Y., RHEE, M.H., and CHO, J.Y., 2017. Ginsenoside RC from Panax ginseng exerts anti-inflammatory activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase 1/interferon regulatory factor-3 and p38/ATF-2.J Ginseng Res, 2017; 41 127-133. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.02.001.
YUN, S.N., MOON, S.J., KO, S.K., IM, B.O., and CHUNG, S.H.,2004. Wild ginseng prevents the onset of high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and obesity in ICR mice. Arch Pharm Res. 27:790–796. doi: 10.1007/BF02980150.
ZHU, P., SAMUKAWA, K., FUJITA, H., KATO, H., and SAKANAKA, M., 2017. Oral Administration of Red Ginseng Extract Promotes Neurorestoration after Compressive Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017:1265464. doi: 10.1155/2017/1265464.
ZIDAN, R.A., ELNEGRIS, H.M., and WAHDAN, R.A., 2015. Evaluating the Protective Role of Ginseng against Histological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Aflatoxin B1 in the Renal Convoluted Tubules of Adult Male Albino Rats. J Clin Exp Pathol . 5(6): 253.doi: 10.4172/2161-0681.1000253.